https://www.box.com/s/hgt788sphtwqmrcm902w
Rabu, 26 Juni 2013
Selasa, 25 Juni 2013
ADOBE AUDITION
Adobe
Audition is one of the industry standards for audio file editing and creation.
The software allows users to edit, create, combine and layer audio files in
order to create professional-quality sound bites, songs and audio clips. Used
in the music industry, broadcasting professions and web creation, Adobe
Audition is a versatile tool that can be used for many functions. Here are a
few tips about how to use Adobe Audition.
Steps:
- Create content by selecting a new project, the file it will be saved to and click on "Record." The wave form should appear on the screen after you have stopped recording.
- Edit your recording by selecting a starting point. Click your mouse at the point you wish the edited portion to start. Drag the mouse (with the left button still held down) to the point where you'd like to stop editing. The area should become highlighted. Double-click on the area in order to edit it. Press the space bar to play the clip. Use your mouse to narrow down the clip you wish to edit. You may delete out unnatural breaths, extraneous noise or mistakes by highlighting them in the waveform and hitting "Delete."
- Add to your recording. You may insert spaces or other files into your recording. Position your cursor at the point in the recording you wish to insert another file. Click on "Insert" and "Audio" in order to select the file you wish to insert. It's always wise to edit this clip prior to inserting it into your new file. However, after it's inserted, editing is often necessary in order to make it sound natural.
- Adjust the pitch of your audio clip. Click on "Time and Pitch" and "Stretch" in order to increase or decrease the pitch of your recording, but leave it the same length.
- Lengthen or shorten your audio clip by clicking the left mouse button and the shift button at the same time with the cursor placed at the end of your clip. To extend it, drag the clip to the right. To shorten the clip, drag the mouse to the left.
- Create an echo effect with your clip. Select "Delay and Echo" and "Echo" effect. This will cause your clip to sound like an echo from a canyon or mountain. You can alter the echo effect by adjusting various settings within this mode. You can experiment with other special effects to enhance your recording even more.
SLIDE MASTER
What is a slide master?
A
slide master is the top slide in a hierarchy of slides that stores information
about the theme and slide layouts of a presentation, including the background,
color, fonts, effects, placeholder sizes, and positioning.
Every
presentation contains at least one slide master. The key benefit to using slide
masters is that you can make universal style changes to every slide in your
presentation, including ones added later to the presentation. When you use a
slide master, you save time because you don't have to type the same information
on more than one slide. The slide master especially comes in handy when you
have extremely long presentations with lots of slides.
Because
slide masters affect the look of your entire presentation, when you create and
edit a slide master or corresponding layouts, you work in Slide Master View.
When you want your presentation
to contain two or more different styles or themes (such as backgrounds, colors,
fonts, and effects), you need to insert a slide master for each different
theme.
For example, in the image that
follows, there are two slide masters as you would see them in Slide Master View.
Each slide master has a different theme applied to it. Each slide master owns
the layouts beneath it. Any modifications or customizations made to those
layouts belong to the associated slide master. All presentations have a slide
master, whether you modify it directly or not. To apply more than one theme to
a presentation, see Apply
multiple themes to a presentation.
Create and customize one or more
slide masters
For
each slide master that you want to create, do the following:
1.
Open
a blank presentation, and then, on the View tab, in the Presentation
Views group, click Slide Master.
2.
When
you open Slide Master view, a blank slide-master with the default,
associated layouts appears. If you want to add another slide master, do the following:
1. Click a location in the slide thumbnail pane where you
want the new slide master to appear.
2. On the Slide Master tab, in
the Edit Master group, click Insert Slide Master.
Note In the slide thumbnail
pane, the slide master is the larger slide image, and the associated layouts
are positioned beneath the slide master.
3.
To
create one or more custom layouts or to modify existing layouts, see Create a new
custom layout.
4.
To
add or modify placeholders in your layouts, see Add one or
more content placeholders to a layout or Change a
placeholder.
5.
To
remove any of the built-in slide layouts that accompany the default slide
master, in the slide thumbnail pane, right-click each slide layout that you
want to delete, and then click Delete Layout on the shortcut menu.
6.
To
apply a design or theme-based
colors, fonts, effects and backgrounds, see Apply a theme
to your presentation.
7.
To
set the page orientation for all of the slides in your presentation, on the Slide
Master tab, in the Page Setup group, click Slide Orientation,
and then click either Portrait or Landscape.
8.
To
add text that will appear as a footer at the bottom of all of the pages in your
presentation, do the following:
1.
On
the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Header & Footer.
2.
In
the Header and Footer dialog box, on the Slide tab, select the Footer
check box, and then type the text that you want to appear in the center-bottom
of your slides.
3.
Click
Apply to All.
9.
Click
the Microsoft Office Button, and then
click Save As.
11. In the Save as type list,
click PowerPoint Template, and then click Save.
12. On the Slide Master tab, in
the Close group, click Close Master View.
LITERATURE (DRAMA)
Definitions:
Drama
is a literary composition involving conflict, action crisis and atmosphere
designed to be acted by players on a stage. Drama also can be definition as a display
of emotions, a representation of relationships and the portrayal of the
different phases of human life. It sketches different personalities and
represents a wide variety of emotions through the different characters it portrays.
Aristotle,
a philosopher who wrote on a variety of subjects like poetry, theater, music,
rhetoric and handled subjects like biology, physics, logic and politics, writes
that there are six elements of drama, namely the theme, plot, character, dialog, music, and the visual element.
Theme: The theme of a drama refers to the
central idea of the play. It can either be clearly stated through dialog or
action or can be inferred after watching the entire performance.
Plot: The order of events occurring in a
play is referred to as the plot of the drama. It is the basic storyline that is
narrated through a play. The entertainment one derives from a play depends
largely on the sequence of events that occur in the story. The logical
connection between the events and the characters, which enact the story form an
integral part of the plot of drama.
Characters: The characters that form a part of
the story are interwoven with the plot of the drama. Each character in a play
has a personality of its own and has a distinct set of principles and beliefs.
Actors who play various roles in a drama have the very important responsibility
of bringing the characters to life.
Dialog: The story of any play is taken
forward by means of the dialog. The story is narrated to the audiences through
the dialog written by the playwright. The success of a drama depends hugely on
the contents of the dialog and the quality of dialog delivery by the actors of
the play.
Music: This element of drama comprises
the melody in the use of sounds and rhythm in dialogs as well as melodious
compositions, which form a part of many plays. The background score, the songs
and the sound effects that are used in a play make up the musical element of
drama. Music composers and lyricists sit together to create music that can go
well with the theme of the play. If the scenes of a play are accompanied by
well-suited pieces of music, they become more effective on the audiences.
Hence, music forms a very important element of drama.
Visual Element: While the dialog and music
constitute the audible aspect of drama, the visual element deals with the
scenes, costumes and special effects used in it. The visual element of drama,
also known as the spectacle, renders a visual appeal to it. The costumes worn
by the artists must suit the characters they are playing. Besides, it is
important for the scenes to be dramatic enough to hold the audiences to their
seats. The special effects used in a play add to the visual appeal. Thus, the
spectacle forms an essential component of drama.
Some of The Types of Drama:
1.
Tragedy -- In general, tragedy
involves the ruin of the leading characters. To the Greeks, it meant the
destruction of some noble person through fate, To the Elizabethans; it meant in
the first place death and in the second places the destruction of some noble person
through a flaw in his character. Today it may not involve death so much as a
dismal life; Modern tragedy often shows the tragedy not of the strong and noble
but of the weak.
2.
Comedy -- is lighter drama in
which the leading characters overcome the difficulties which temporarily beset
them.
3.
Problem Play -- Drama of social
criticism discusses social, economic, or political problems by means of a play.
WASHBACK
DEFINITION :
Hughes (1989:1)
“The effect of testing on teaching and learning” is known as backwash.
Spolky (1994:2)
The concept of backwash deals with the unforeseen side-effects of testing and
not to the intended effects when the primary goal of the examination is the
control of curricula.
Biggs (1995:3)
backwash refers to the fact that testing controls not only the curriculum but
also teaching methods and students’ learning strategies.
Alderson &
Wall (1993:1) Washback compels “teachers and learners to do things they would
not necessarily otherwise do because of the test”.
Messick (1996:4)
Washback is described as the extent to which the introduction and the use of a
test influence language and teachers to do things they would not otherwise do
that promote or inhibit language learning”.
Shohamy, et al.
(1996: 6) Washback is delineated as “the connections between testing and
learning”.
Bachman &
Palmer (1996 [12]), Washback, at a macro level, refers to the extent to which a
test influences within the society, ranging from government policy-making,
school administration, publishing, and general opportunities, to parents’
expectations of their children.
At micro level,
Washback refers to the extent to which a test influences within the classroom,
mainly in the change or innovation of curricula and teachers’ methodologies and
the influence of students’ learning.
TYPES :
Classroom
settings
Positive
:
1. Tests
induce teachers to cover their subjects more thoroughly, making them complete
their syllabi within the prescribed time limits.
2. Tests
motivate students to work harder to have a sense of accomplishment and thus
enhance learning.
3. Good
tests can be utilized and designed as beneficial teaching-learning activities
so as to encourage positive teaching-learning processes.
Negative
:
1.
Tests encourage teachers to narrow the
curriculum and lose instructional time, leading to "teaching to the
test."
2.
Tests bring anxiety both to teachers and
students and distort their performance.
3. Students may not be able to learn
real-life knowledge, but instead learn discrete points of knowledge that are
tested.
4.
Cramming will lead students to have a
negative positive toward tests and accordingly alter their learning motivation.
Educational
/ Societal system
Positive:
Decision makers use the
authority power of high-stakes testing to achieve the goals of teaching and
learning, such as the introduction of new textbooks and new curricula.
Negative:
Decision makers
overwhelmingly use tests to promote their political agendas and to seize
influence and control of educational systems.
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